Ibipimo by'amazi asohoka mu miyoboro ifunguye ku mazi ashyushye/afite ubushyuhe bwinshi: Ni byiza cyane mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no mu buhinzi

Ishingiro ry'uburyo ibipimo by'amazi bifunguye bikoreshwa mu gihe cy'amazi mabi ni ihame ryabyo ryo gupima amazi adakwirakwira cyangwa adakwirakwira cyane. Bitandukanye n'ibipimo by'imiyoboro ifunze byishingikiriza ku byuma bipima imbere (byandujwe byoroshye n'ibice by'amazi) cyangwa ibice bya mekanike (bishobora kwangirika bitewe n'uduce duto), ibipimo by'amazi bifunguye bipima amazi mu miyoboro idafunze, ifunguye (nk'imiyoboro, flumes, cyangwa imiyoboro) hakoreshejwe ibipimo byo hanze cyangwa bidakunze kugaragara. Ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ririmo ultrasound (gupima urwego rw'amazi binyuze mu miyoboro y'amajwi), radar (gukoresha imiyoboro ya radiyo kugira ngo hamenyekane uburebure bw'ubuso), na laser (kugira ngo hamenyekane neza urwego)—byose birinda gukorana n'ibice byuzuyemo amazi menshi. Iyi miterere ikuraho ibyago byo kuziba kandi ikagabanya kwangirika, ikemeza ko ari ukuri guhoraho nubwo amazi arimo umucanga mwinshi, ifu, cyangwa imyanda y'amabuye y'agaciro. Urugero, ibipimo by'amazi bifunguye bikoresha transducers zishyizwe hejuru y'ubuso bw'amazi, zisohora amazi asohoka mu mazi kugira ngo zibare urwego (bityo bigatuma amazi anyura binyuze mu bipimo by'imiyoboro byagenwe mbere)—nta bice byinjira mu mazi yangiritse, nta ngaruka zo kwangirika kw'ibipimo by'amazi.

Ku nganda z’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, aho amazi menshi y’umukungugu ahora aturuka mu bikorwa (kuva ku gukaraba amabuye y’agaciro kugeza ku gucunga imiyoboro y’amazi), ibipimo by’amazi afunguye bikemura ibibazo by’ingenzi mu mikorere no mu bidukikije. Amazi yanduye akunze kuba afite urwego rwo hejuru rw’ibintu bikomeye bihagaze (nk’ibice by’icyuma cyangwa umukungugu w’amakara), bishobora guhagarika byihuse ibipimo by’amazi bisanzwe bifunze binyuze mu kuziba ibipimo by’amashanyarazi cyangwa kwangiza ibice by’imbere. Ibipimo by’amazi afunguye, ku buryo butandukanye, birakura muri iki gihe: ibipimo by’amazi byo hanze ntibigira imiyoboro y’amazi, kandi ubushobozi bwabyo bwo guhangana n’umuvuduko uhindagurika w’amazi (bikunze kugaragara mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, aho ikoreshwa ry’amazi ryiyongera mu gihe cyo gutunganya amabuye y’agaciro) bitanga uburyo bwo kugenzura neza amazi yanduye asohoka. Uku kuri ni ingenzi mu kubahiriza amategeko: uturere twinshi dusaba ko ibirombe bitanga raporo ku bunini bw’amazi yanduye n’urugero rw’amazi yanduye kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa n’imigezi cyangwa amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka. Urugero, igikorwa cyo gucukura zahabu muri Ositaraliya y’Uburengerazuba, cyahinduye ibipimo by’amazi afunguye bishingiye kuri radar kugira ngo gikurikirane imiyoboro y’amazi yavuye mu bidendezi. Ibipimo ntibyihanganiye amazi menshi yangiza (yari yarazibye ibipimo bya mekanike buri cyumweru) ahubwo byanatanze amakuru afatika yafashije ikirombe kugabanya imyanda ku kigero cya 22%—birinda amande ahenze no kunoza imikorere y’ibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, ibipimo bifunguye byoroshye gushyira mu myobo n’imiyoboro by’agateganyo bikunze gukoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, bigatuma byoroha kurusha sisitemu zifunganye z’imiyoboro.

Mu kugenzura amazi atemba mu buhinzi, ibipimo by'amazi atemba mu miyoboro ifunguye bigira uruhare runini mu gucunga amazi mu buryo burambye no kurengera ibidukikije. Amazi atemba mu buhinzi—amazi atemba ava mu mirima nyuma yo kuhira cyangwa imvura—afite urugero rwinshi rw'ibishishwa, ifumbire mvaruganda, n'imiti yica udukoko, bigatera ibyago ku miyoboro y'amazi yegereye (nk'imvura nyinshi cyangwa isuri). Ibipimo gakondo biragoye hano: ibishishwa bifunga inzira z'amazi, kandi amazi atemba mu buryo butandukanye (kuva ku mvura nke kugeza ku mvura nyinshi) bituma habaho imiterere idakwiye. Ibipimo by'amazi atemba mu miyoboro ifunguye, ariko, byagenewe guhangana n'iyi mihindagurikire: bishobora gupima amazi make atemba mu gihe cyo kuhira (urugero, amazi atemba mu gihe cyo kuhira) n'amazi atemba mu gihe cyo kuhira ... Ku bikorwa by'ubuhinzi bigengwa n'amategeko agenga ibidukikije (nk'Itegeko ry'Amazi Asukuye rya Amerika), ibipimo bitanga amakuru afatika kugira ngo byemeze ko byujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo amazi aruhuke.

Indi nyungu y'ingenzi y'ibipimo by'amazi bifunguye ku nganda zombi ni uko bidasaba cyane kubungabunga. Mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, aho ibikoresho bikunze kuba biri mu turere twa kure, bigoye kuhagera, gusukura ibipimo kenshi birahenda kandi bifata igihe kinini. Ibipimo by'amazi bifunguye, bidafite ibice byimuka biri munsi y'amazi, bisaba gusukura rimwe na rimwe ibipimo byo hanze (bikorwa byoroshye hakoreshejwe uburoso) no gupima buri mwaka—bigabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga kugeza kuri 50% ugereranije na metero gakondo. Mu buhinzi, aho ibipimo bihurira n'ikirere, imiterere iramba (nk'ibice bikingira ikirere n'ibikoresho birwanya ingese) bitanga umusaruro mwiza mu mvura, ubushyuhe, cyangwa ubukonje. Moderi nyinshi zirimo kandi imikorere myiza, nko kohereza amakuru ari kure binyuze muri IoT, bigatuma abakora ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro cyangwa abahinzi bakurikirana umuvuduko w'amazi baturutse ahantu hagari—bakinga igihe kandi barushaho kubona neza imikorere.

Nubwo ibipimo by'amazi bifunguye bishobora kugira ikiguzi kinini mbere y'igihe ugereranyije n'ibipimo by'imashini bisanzwe, inyungu zabyo z'igihe kirekire mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gukurikirana amazi aturuka mu buhinzi ziruta cyane iri shoramari. Ku birombe, kugabanuka kw'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga, kubahiriza amategeko, no kurengera ibidukikije bivuze inyungu ku ishoramari mu myaka 2-3. Ku mirima, kunoza imikorere myiza y'amazi, kugabanuka kw'igihombo cy'amazi, no kugabanuka kw'ikiguzi cyo kuhira bitanga inyungu nk'izo mu rwego rw'imari—hiyongereyeho inyungu yo gucunga ubutaka mu buryo burambye.

Mu gihe ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'ubuhinzi buhura n'igitutu cyo kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije no gukora neza, ibipimo by'amazi afunguye ku miyoboro y'amazi ashyushye/afite umuyoboro mwinshi byahindutse ibikoresho by'ingenzi. Ubushobozi bwabyo bwo guhuza uburambe, ubuhanga, no kudakorerwa isuku buke bituma bihura neza n'ibibazo byihariye by'izo nganda. Byaba gukurikirana ubucukuzi bw'amazi mabi kugira ngo birinde inzira z'amazi cyangwa gukurikirana amazi asohoka mu buhinzi kugira ngo bibungabunge ubutaka n'amazi, ibipimo by'amazi afunguye ni byinshi kuruta igisubizo cyo gupima—ni ingenzi mu gutuma ibikorwa birambye bikomeza. Ku bucuruzi ubwo aribwo bwose bukorana n'amazi ashyushye cyangwa akize ku muyoboro w'amazi, ibi bipimo bigaragaza ko imiterere mibi idasaba ko imikorere mibi igabanuka.