Guhitamo icyuma gipima amazi gifunguye neza ni ingenzi cyane mu gupima amazi neza mu bikorwa bitandukanye kuva ku kuhira mu buhinzi no mu miyoboro y'amazi kugeza ku gucunga amazi yanduye mu nganda. Mu bintu bikunze gukoreshwa harimo uburyo bwo kuhira amazi n'amazi akoreshwa mu byuma - byombi byishingikiriza ku gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura amazi akoreshwa mu kubara ingano y'amazi, ariko imiterere yabyo, imikorere yabyo, n'uburyo bikoreshwa biratandukanye cyane. Guhitamo hagati yabyo bisaba gusuzuma neza ibintu nk'ubwoko bw'amazi, ingano y'umuyoboro, ibikenewe mu kubungabunga, n'ibisabwa mu buryo bunonosoye. Iyi nyandiko igaragaza ibintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo bifashe injeniyeri n'abakora mu gufata icyemezo gishingiye ku makuru.
1. Ibiranga amazi: Gufata ibintu bikomeye, imyanda, n'ibintu byangiritse
Imiterere y'amazi apimwa ni yo ngingo ya mbere kandi y'ingenzi cyane. Imiterere y'amazi n'ibice by'amazi bifata ibintu bikomeye, imyanda, n'ibintu byangiza, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo buboneye no ku kuramba.
Inzu z’amazi ni inyubako zoroshye: uruzitiro ruhagaze rufite umwobo utose (urugero: V-notch, rectangular, cyangwa trapezoidal) rutuma amazi atemba hejuru y’inyubako. Nubwo zigira akamaro ku mazi meza cyangwa afite amazi make (nk'amazi y'imvura atemba cyangwa amazi yanduye yavuwe), zirwana n'amazi arimo ibintu byinshi by'ingenzi, ibitaka, cyangwa imyanda. Ibintu by'ingenzi bikunda gutura hejuru y'inyubako, bigahindura imiterere y'amazi kandi bigatera gupimwa nabi. Mu nganda zifite uduce duto cyane (urugero: amazi yanduye atunganywa n'ibiryo hamwe n'ibintu by'umwimerere), hakenewe gusukurwa kenshi kugira ngo hirindwe kuziba—byongeraho ikiguzi cy'abakozi n'igihe cyo kuruhuka.
Ku rundi ruhande, ibyuma bitogosha amazi ni imiyoboro yihariye (urugero: Parshall, Palmer-Bowlus, cyangwa Trapezoidal) bigabanya amazi kugira ngo bigire itandukaniro rigaragara mu rugero rw'amazi. Imiterere yabyo igabanya ukwiyongera kw'amazi: kwihuta kw'amazi mu mazi bibuza ibintu bikomeye gutuza, bigatuma biba byiza ku mazi yanduye nk'amazi atemba mu buhinzi (afite uduce tw'ubutaka) cyangwa gucukura imyanda (ikoresheje ibiti). ibyuma bitogosha amazi kandi bikemura neza amazi yangiza, kuko bishobora kubakwa mu bikoresho nka fiberglass, PVC, cyangwa sima—birwanya imiti mu mazi yanduye yo mu nganda. Urugero, icyuma gitogosha amazi cya Parshall gishyirwa mu muyoboro w'amazi y'inkubi y'umuyaga mu mujyi gipima neza amazi atemba ndetse no mu gihe cy'imvura nyinshi, iyo imyanda (amababi, imyanda) ari myinshi, idakomeje kubungabungwa.
2. Ingano y'umuyoboro n'ingano y'umuvuduko w'amazi
Inzu zo kuvoma n'amatara byakozwe hakurikijwe ingano y'imiyoboro yihariye n'umuvuduko w'amazi, bityo guhuza imiterere n'ibipimo bya sisitemu yawe ni ngombwa.
Inzu zikora neza mu miyoboro mito kugeza ku iringaniye ifite umuvuduko muto kugeza ku uringaniye w’amazi. Ubuhanga bwazo bushingiye ku kugumana umuvuduko "utari woroshye" (umuvuduko uhoraho kandi uhoraho) uzamuka, bisaba uburebure buhagije bw’umuyoboro mbere y’umuvuduko (ubusanzwe inshuro 10-20 z’ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa bw’amazi). Ku miyoboro minini cyane (urugero, imiyoboro minini yo kuhira) cyangwa umuvuduko mwinshi w’amazi, inzu ziguma zidakora: zikenera inzitizi ndende n’ibice birebire byo hejuru, bigatuma ikiguzi cyo kuyishyiraho kiyongera. Urugero, inzu zitagira V-notch ni nziza cyane mu gupima umuvuduko muke (nk’aho ari litiro 0.1 ku isegonda) mu miyoboro mito ariko ntizishobora guhangana n’umuvuduko mu miyoboro minini.
Flume zikoreshwa cyane mu bunini bw'imiyoboro n'aho amazi anyura. Flume za Parshall, ubwoko busanzwe cyane, ziboneka mu bunini kuva kuri santimetero 2 (ku miyoboro mito) kugeza kuri metero 15 (ku miyoboro minini), bigatuma zikoreshwa mu muyoboro muto no mu muvuduko mwinshi w'amazi. Imiterere yazo mito isaba umwanya muto wo hejuru y'amazi (ubusanzwe inshuro 5-10 z'ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi) kurusha imiyoboro, bigatuma zibika umwanya mu nyubako zikomeye nko mu nganda cyangwa mu miyoboro yo mu mijyi. Urugero, flume nto ya Palmer-Bowlus ishyirwa mu muyoboro wa santimetero 12 kugira ngo ipime amazi yanduye, mu gihe flume nini ya Trapezoidal ikora kuhira amazi menshi mu miyoboro minini y'ubuhinzi. Flume kandi ikora neza iyo amazi atemba nabi (urugero, amazi y'imvura atunguranye), kuko imiterere yayo yo gufungana ituma imiterere y'amazi irushaho gukomera kurusha imiyoboro.
3. Ibisabwa mu gushyiraho no kubungabunga
Uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho no kubibungabunga igihe kirekire bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku kiguzi cy’imikorere, bigatuma ibi biba ingenzi mu gufata ibyemezo.
Imiyoboro y'amazi biroroshye kuyishyira mu miyoboro isanzwe: ishobora kubakwa muri sima, icyuma, cyangwa pulasitiki igashyirwamo imigozi cyangwa igasukwa mu mwanya wayo. Ariko, uburyo ikora neza bwayo butuma ishyirwa mu murongo neza—ndetse no kugorama gato bishobora guhindura amazi hejuru y'umuyoboro, bigatera amakosa. Byongeye kandi, nk'uko byavuzwe, imiyoboro y'amazi isaba gusukurwa kenshi kugira ngo ikurweho ibintu bikomeye, cyane cyane mu gihe amazi yanduye akoreshwa. Mu bihe by'ubukonje, imiyoboro y'amazi nayo ikunze kwibasira urubura ku muyoboro, ibyo bikaba byabangamira uburyo bwo gupima kandi bigasaba uburyo bwo gukuramo ibara ry'amazi.
Flume zifite ibisabwa bikomeye byo gushyiraho ariko zikenera kuyitaho bike. Imikorere yazo iterwa n'ingano nyayo (urugero, ubuhaname, ubugari bw'umuhogo) no guhuza neza n'umuyoboro—gushyiraho nabi bishobora gutera gutandukana kw'amazi no kudakora neza. Ariko, iyo zishyizweho neza, flume zikenera kwitabwaho gake: imiterere yazo yo kwisukura igabanya imyuka, kandi ntizishobora kwangirika cyane (amazi afunze atera umuyaga urwanya ubukonje). Ku bice bya kure (urugero, imiyoboro yo kuhira mu cyaro) aho kubungabunga kenshi bidashoboka, flume akenshi ni zo nziza. Nubwo ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho mbere gishobora kuba kinini (cyane cyane ku flume zisanzwe), kuzigama igihe kirekire mu mirimo no gusana akenshi bigabanya ibi.
4. Gukurikiza amabwiriza n'ukuri
Ku bisabwa bisaba kubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije (urugero, imipaka yo gusohora amazi yanduye) cyangwa gucunga neza umutungo (urugero, itangwa ry'amazi mu buhinzi), ukuri ntigushobora kuganirwaho.
Inzu zitanga ubuziranenge bwo hejuru (± 2–5%) mu bihe byiza: amazi meza, amazi atemba neza, n'ikirere gikwiye cyo hejuru. Ariko, ubuziranenge bwazo bugabanuka vuba mu bihe nyabyo—kwiyongera kw'ibitaka, amazi atemba nabi, cyangwa imyanda bishobora kongera amakosa kugeza kuri ± 10% cyangwa arenga. Ibi bituma zidakwirakwira cyane mu nganda zigenzurwa aho hakenewe ubuziranenge buhamye bwo gupima.
Imyobo, iyo ishyizwemo neza, igumana ubuziranenge bwo hejuru (± 1–3%) mu bihe bitandukanye. Imiterere yayo igabanya imivurungano y'amazi, kandi igabanya imiterere yayo, kandi igenzura isano ihamye hagati y'urugero rw'amazi n'umuvuduko w'amazi—nubwo haba hari itandukaniro rito mu bihe biri hejuru y'amazi. Uku kwizerwa gutuma imyobo iba amahitamo meza yo kubahiriza amategeko, nko gutanga raporo ku bigo birengera ibidukikije cyangwa gucunga uburenganzira bw'amazi mu turere tw'ubuhinzi.
Umwanzuro
Guhitamo hagati y’aho amazi ashyirwa n’aho ashyirwa hagomba kuba hameze neza, ingano y’aho amazi ashyirwa, ubushobozi bwo kuyabungabunga, n’ibikenewe mu buryo buboneye. Ahantu ho amazi hahendutse ku buryo buke, amazi meza afite amazi ahindagurika ariko hagorwa n’imyanda n’ibintu bikomeye. Nubwo akenshi amazi ashyirwa ahahenze cyane, arusha andi mazi yanduye, imiyoboro minini, n’ibikenewe mu gihe kirekire kugira ngo akoreshwe neza kandi akurikize amategeko. Mu gusuzuma ibi bintu, abakora bashobora guhitamo uburyo bwo gupima amazi ashyirwa hadakoreshejwe amazi butanga igipimo nyacyo kandi gihendutse ku byo bakeneye byihariye—kugira ngo imicungire y’umutungo irusheho kuba myiza kandi igere ku ntego z’imikorere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-28-2025